Cohort

A group of individuals who share a common trait, such as birth year. In medicine, a Cohort is a group that is part of a clinical trial or study and is observed over a period of time.

Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitch

Coal tar is derived from coal. It is a byproduct of the production of coke, a solid fuel that contains mostly carbon, and coal gas. Coal tar is used primarily for the production of refined chemicals and coal-tar products, such as creosote and coal-tar pitch. Certain preparations of coal tar have long been used to…

Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminant Potential (CHIP)

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is a new entity in which somatic mutations are found in cells of the blood or bone marrow, but no other criteria for hematologic neoplasia are met. Hematologic neoplasms comprise multiple malignant diseases derived from cells of myeloid or lymphocytic hematopoietic lineages. Its prevalence rises with age and is…

Cellular Aging

In 1961, Cellular Aging was first described by Hayflick and Moorhead. They showed that human cells in culture do not divide indefinitely but reach a limit (called the Hayflick limit) of replication and stop all further division. Cells approach this limit by slowing their divisions and entering cellular senescence, a dormant period. Recently, for damaged…

Cancer

A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of Cancer. Carcinoma is a Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or…

Cadmium

Cadmium is a natural element found in tiny amounts in air, water, soil, and food. All soils and rocks, including coal and mineral fertilizers, contain some Cadmium. Most Cadmium used in the United States is extracted during the production of other metals such as zinc, Lead, and copper. Cadmium does not corrode easily and has…

Bisphenol A (BPA)

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical produced in large quantities for use primarily in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. NIEHS and NTP support research to better understand potential health effects of exposure to BPA.

Biospecimen

A sample of material, such as urine, blood, tissue, cells, DNA, RNA, or protein, from humans, animals, or plants. Biospecimens may be used for a laboratory test or stored in a biorepository to be used for research.

1,3–Butadiene

1,3-Butadiene is a colorless gas at room temperature with a gasoline-like odor. It is used to produce synthetic rubber products, such as tires, resins, and plastics, and other chemicals.